What is PCOS?
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder affecting women of reproductive age. It is characterized by irregular menstrual cycles, excess male hormones (androgens), and the development of small, fluid-filled sacs on the ovaries. PCOS can be correlated with infertility, increased risk of chronic conditions like type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and mental health problems.
Diagnosing PCOS often involves recognizing a combination of symptoms such as irregular periods, excessive hair growth, acne, weight changes, and difficulty getting pregnant. Blood tests to measure hormone levels and ultrasound scans to check for cysts on the ovaries can help confirm the diagnosis. The Rotterdam criteria, a widely used diagnostic tool, requires the presence of at least two of the following: irregular menstrual cycles, elevated androgen levels, and polycystic ovaries.
While there's no cure for PCOS, effective management strategies can help alleviate symptoms and reduce the risk of long-term health complications. Treatment often involves lifestyle modifications, such as regular exercise, a few dietary changes, and stress management. In some cases, medication may be prescribed to regulate hormone levels and improve fertility.
While the exact cause of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) remains unknown, several factors are believed to contribute to its development. These include genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and hormonal imbalances.
Insulin resistance, a condition where the body's cells don't respond effectively to insulin, is a common factor in PCOS. This can lead to increased androgen hormone production, which can cause symptoms like irregular periods, acne, and excessive hair growth. Additionally, insulin resistance may play a role in the development of PCOS. Early diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial for improving the quality of life for individuals with PCOS and reducing the risk of long-term health complications.
The treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is multifaceted and tailored to the individual's specific needs. Some lifestyle factors can play a crucial role in managing PCOS. Adding in foods that contain fiber and proteins can help regulate hormone levels and improve insulin sensitivity. Regular physical activity, such as aerobic exercise and strength training, can aid in symptom management. Additionally, stress management techniques like yoga and meditation can help reduce stress-related hormonal imbalances. In some cases, medication may be necessary to address specific symptoms.
Oral contraceptives can help regulate menstrual cycles and reduce androgen levels, while anti-androgen medications can target excess hair growth and acne. Insulin sensitizers like metformin can improve insulin sensitivity and help regulate hormone levels.
In addition, various supplements have been explored to help manage PCOS symptoms. Inositol, a type of sugar molecule found in our bodies and certain foods, plays a role in cell growth and development. Studies suggest that inositol may improve insulin sensitivity, regulate hormone levels, reduce PCOS symptoms, enhance fertility, lower cholesterol levels, alleviate depression, and regulate periods (1,2). It is often taken as myo-inositol or D-chiro-inositol and is generally well-tolerated. While research on the ideal ratio of MI to DCI for PCOS treatment is ongoing, inositol appears to be safe and effective. It is available in various forms, including capsules, powders, and liquids.
Another promising supplement for PCOS is CoQ10. Studies have shown that CoQ10 can reduce insulin resistance, improve insulin sensitivity, and increase the expression of PPAR-γ, a gene involved in insulin sensitivity (3,4). While CoQ10 may not significantly affect lipid profiles, it has been linked to reduced oxidative stress, which can protect cells. While there's debate about whether inositol is superior to CoQ10 for PCOS, both supplements have potential benefits. Inositol may be more effective for improving insulin sensitivity and ovulation, while CoQ10 can help reduce oxidative stress (3,4).
Other supplements that may be beneficial for PCOS include omega-3 fatty acids, magnesium, and vitamin D. Many people with PCOS have low vitamin D levels, and supplementation can help regulate hormones.
References:
Kalra B, Kalra S, Sharma JB. The inositols and polycystic ovary syndrome. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2016;20(5):720. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.189231
Greff D, Juhász AE, Váncsa S, et al. Inositol is an effective and safe treatment in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology. 2023;21(1). doi:10.1186/s12958-023-01055-9
Asouri SA, Asemi R, Aghadavod E, Jamilian M. The effect of coenzyme Q10 intake on metabolic profiles in women candidates for in-vitro fertilization: a randomised trial. Annals of Medicine and Surgery. 2024;86(6):3378-3384. doi:10.1097/ms9.0000000000001732
Zhang J, Xing C, Zhao H, He B. The effectiveness of coenzyme Q10, vitamin E, inositols, and vitamin D in improving the endocrine and metabolic profiles in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a network Meta-analysis. Gynecological Endocrinology. 2021;37(12):1063-1071. doi:10.1080/09513590.2021.1926975
Written by: Nicole Shammas, Dietetic Student and Intern